The revised TEN-E Regulation 2022 continues to work towards developing better connected energy networks while updating the TEN-E framework to focus on the latest environmental targets and ensuring consistency with the climate neutrality objectives set out in the EU Green Deal.
Towards a better integrated and greener EU energy market
The TEN-E Regulation 2022 reallocates and identifies 11 priority corridors with the purpose of meeting objectives to (i) reduce carbon emissions by 55% by 2030 and (ii) achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.优先通道侧重于更新基础设施类别,如近海电网通道和可再生和低碳气体,如氢解电机天然气基础设施和石油管道将不再有资格获得PCI状态TEN-E条例2022还确定了新的优先专题领域:(一) 采行配有IT技术(“智能电网”)电气网络;(二) 开发跨边界二氧化碳网络。
/p>能源基础设施项目proto侧重于推广绿色清洁能源的项目可获取PCI状态,如近海风能和可再生/低碳氢化注解氢或可混入其他气体(如天然气或生物甲烷)或自成一体的能源源TEN-E第2022号条例也鼓励智能电网和二氧化碳运输存储的PCIs 。补充地说,TEN-E第2022号条例将欧盟能源市场边界扩展至第三国,为所谓的互利项目引入新合作机制与PCIs相似,如果他们为欧盟总体能源和气候政策提供保障和去碳化服务,可选择它们。
欧盟委员会将每两年通过PCIs和PMIs清单(“EU链表”),第一批欧盟链表将在2023年11月30日前通过。
TEN-E规范2022还为欧盟链表中所有项目规定了新义务PCIs和PMI必须满足强制可持续性标准,并依照举例说,估计耗资8 000亿欧元提高近海可再生能源的摄取量,根据欧盟绿色交易目标,其中三分之二将用于相关电网基础设施。电力传输配电网单实现2030目标每年估计平均投资505亿欧元。
并举,帮助支付巨额费用,欧盟清单上的PCIs和PMIs可能有资格获得财政援助:
连接欧洲机制下Finance支持In effect, the Commission's legislative Package is intended to promote the use of blue hydrogen until at least 2030 provided that it achieves the same decarbonization as green hydrogen (i.e., 70% GHG reduction). However, the European Parliament and Council may amend both the proposed definition and conditions of blue hydrogen and the proposed regulative incentives during their consideration of the Package and its adoption through the legislative procedure that will now follow. Moreover, the European Commission will be empowered to develop much of the methodologies implementing the definitions of blue and green hydrogen. Companies intending to engage in blue and green hydrogen operations in the EU/EEA would be well advised to closely follow these developments.
I. The Legislative Package on Hydrogen and Decarbonized Markets
The Package is yet another piece of the "Fit for 55" agenda to achieve the EU's climate neutrality by 2050 and includes three legislative proposals: (i) a proposal for a recast of the EU Regulation on the Internal Markets for Renewable and Natural Gases and for Hydrogen ("Proposed Gas and Hydrogen Regulation")!(二) 关于欧盟可再生能源和天然气及氢内部市场共同规则的建议(“ Both green and blue hydrogen would benefit from this proposed beneficial regulatory framework provided they comply with the proposed definitions and requirements. However, they would continue to be impacted differently under other parts of the EU's climate and energy rules, such as the Renewable Energies Directive ("RED II") and the proposal for a Regulation on a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism ("Proposed CBAM Regulation") and the Regulation on the Establishment of a Framework to Facilitate Sustainable Investment ("Taxonomy Regulation"). II. Renewable and Low-Carbon Hydrogen The EU's current energy regulatory framework fails to define renewable (aka "green") and low-carbon (aka "blue") hydrogen. This legal uncertainty has hampered the role-out of green and blue hydrogen markets and infrastructure in the EU. To correct this, the Package introduces new legal definitions of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen that the Commission will be empowered to detail by adopting specific calculation methodologies and threshold determinations in delegated acts. The Proposed Gas and Hydrogen Directive includes definitions of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen that are in line with those of the proposal to amend the Renewable Energies Directive II ("Proposed Directive to Amend RED II"). 表示欧盟关于可再生(“绿化”)和低碳最大温室气体排放密度的规则大致相似,因为天然气和氢指令为两者都设置相同的去碳化效果标准(i.e. ,70%降温)。可再生和低碳氢减排阈值很可能使用“对开式”法计算,即计取勘探到生产过程的CO2排放,包括直到生产过程的运输,然而,委员会尚未确定绿色和蓝氢精确计算和测定方法(见下文)。 Thus建议可再生和低碳氢的主要差值将是氢生产过程,特别是用于制造氢的能源源(iem>e.g./em>电解器中)。In effect, the aim of this approach is to allow low-carbon hydrogen to play a role in decarbonization and facilitate the energy transition until 2030. The amended RED II would continue to promote green hydrogen, and various EU legislation, such as the Proposed CBAM Regulation, would likely impact blue and green hydrogen differently. However, both blue and green hydrogen meeting the proposed definitions would benefit from the Package's proposed dedicated hydrogen infrastructure and market outlined below at least until 2030. The expectation is that by 2030 the EU will introduce a stricter GHG reduction threshold for the definition of low-carbon ("blue") hydrogen. This threshold could be similar to that set under the draft technical screening criteria for gas investments under the Taxonomy Regulation, but that remains to be seen. III.低卡通氢元 可再生和低碳认证: Hence, if an operator provides compliance with a recognized scheme, this will serve to satisfy the certification requirement for low-carbon hydrogen. The Package applies these certification requirements equally to imported and EU-produced blue and green hydrogen, which may be related to recent efforts by certain Member States to scale up production of hydrogen both inside and outside the EU. For instance, in December 2021 the Commission approved the German State aid scheme H2Global that also supports the production of green hydrogen in non-EU countries for its export to, and sale in, the EU. IV. Regulation of Hydrogen Networks The current EU regulatory framework for gas energy carriers does not address the deployment of hydrogen as an independent energy carrier via dedicated hydrogen networks.欧盟一级没有基于收费价对氢网络投资规则(sem>/em>要求为网络运营商提供报酬以便充分投资于基础设施)或专用氢网络所有权和运营规则(sem>/em>unbunding规则)。拟议气流指令和拟议气流规范通过引入以下措施消除这些缺陷: Next Steps The European Parliament and Council must now consider the proposed Regulation and Directive for their adoption through the so-called "ordinary" legislative procedure. This procedure allows the Parliament and Council to modify the proposals, for example to include further incentives and more flexible rules for low-carbon hydrogen. The procedure is likely to be expedited so that the legislation is adopted within the next 18 months. In the meantime, the Commission is also expected to start its preparatory work on the specific methodologies needed for the certification of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen.委员会将不得不作出技术决策,这些决策往往可能产生重大商业后果。受影响的公司或愿尽早与委员会接触进程。
苏格兰政府热切地确保现有(碳氢化合物)部门就业者得到再技能和再生部门提供的机会,可再生能源价格可承受苏格兰水电部门将在支持这一过渡方面发挥重要作用,计划要求苏格兰政府评估如何为碳密集部门工人创建长期“技能保证”。Plan还突显苏格兰成为欧洲低成本氢矿生产者的潜力苏格兰政府将在2022年能源策略和公正过渡计划中更详细地说明其方法。
This money will fund FEED studies for large-scale renewable Hydrogen production projects with a view to making full investment decisions later in the decade.
The Scottish Government wants to use the £100m fund as a means to accelerate as many projects as possible from pilot stage to large scale commercial and has hypothecated £10m to prioritise innovation and research through the creation of the Scottish Hydrogen Innovation Fund, which will be launched early in 2022.
The remaining £80m of the EETF will fund the development of carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies – suggesting that the Scottish Government views blue Hydrogen as an important element of its Hydrogen revolution.
Timeline
The Plan sets out detailed action points until the end of 2026.苏格兰政府期望到2026年大规模氢生产基础设施到位,与大规模碳捕获存储相联(super>CCS )以及岸上和近海风开发。
计划还提出了2045至2045年Hydrugen经济路径图苏格兰的目标是到2035年实现100%可再生电运营,同时增加向英国和欧洲其他地区的氢输出量In the 2040s, the Scottish Government aims to have capacity to produce 25 GW of Hydrogen and to be established as an enduring and reliable exporter of Hydrogen to Europe.
Underlying Themes
- Strategic Scotland – the Plan stresses Scotland's ideal position – due to its location, infrastructure, skilled workforce and natural resources – to grow its Hydrogen industry and become a world-leader in the Hydrogen sector.
- Private Sector Diversification – the Plan notes the opportunity that Hydrogen offers for existing energy companies not only to diversify their offer, but also to reduce their carbon emissions.
- Regional Approach – the Plan reinforces the importance of Scotland's key regional hubs, in particular Orkney and Shetland, for potential growth in the Hydrogen industry.Aberdeen City is already deemed to be a Hydrogen hub in this regard, and the aim is for the initial public investment in these hubs to facilitate more significant private investment.
- Collaboration – the Plan sets out a collaborative approach to developing Scottish Hydrogen for export, particularly with Germany and other Northern European nations.
Relationship Between Hydrogen and Other Renewable Energy Sources
Although the Plan is not explicit on this point, it acknowledges that initial low-carbon Hydrogen infrastructure will pave the way for establishing the transportation and storage infrastructure to support a green Hydrogen economy in Scotland.
The Plan acknowledges that a strong renewables sector is essential to the development of Hydrogen projects.计划指出岸风部门支持小型和大型可再生水力项目的重要性,但承认该部门需要进一步投资。
离岸风部门更先进Successful bidders in the July 2021 leasing round will be announced in early 2022, and August 2021's leasing round had the specific objective of constructing offshore wind farms to decarbonise oil and gas infrastructure operations, support oil and gas-field decommissioning, and use excess generation to create Hydrogen.
Key Goals
The Plan set out six key goals:
- Drive Scotland's Hydrogen production capability to meet an ambition of 5 GW of renewable and low-carbon Hydrogen by 2030 and 25 GW by 2045.
- Address current barriers to the uptake of green and low-carbon Hydrogen, including high production costs.
- Support the growth of Regional Hydrogen Energy Hubs.
- Encourage demand for Hydrogen by supporting Hydrogen use and developing supply chain capability and export potential.
- Secure broad economic benefit from public sector and private sector support for development of regional Hydrogen production and use.
- Encourage the development of a strong Hydrogen sector in Scotland which supports a just transition to net zero.
II. ACTION PLAN
The Plan sets out six key challenges to be overcome during the next five years.
Scaling Up Hydrogen Production in Scotland
To unlock Scotland's potential to meet its ambitious targets for Hydrogen production, barriers such as regulation, planning laws or infrastructure constraints will need to be addressed.The Plan therefore commits the Scottish Government to a review of existing legislation, regulation and standards, to identify and remove potential barriers to the growth of the Hydrogen industry.
In order to improve understanding of the likely role to be played by Hydrogen in the domestic and global markets, the Scottish Government aims to establish the expected cost-trajectory for renewable Hydrogen up to 2045.
The Scottish Government will work with its counterpart in Whitehall to establish a UK Hydrogen Standard, and until this is established, the Scottish Government will only grant funding to Hydrogen projects with capture rates of at least 90%.将不向COsub>2 排放不减量的新Hydgen网站提供资金。
促进国内Hydrogen市场增长、规模经济和技术进步是关键交通产业被视为可能高氢需求行业。
Scottland政府会邀请能源密集制造厂商申请苏格兰工业能源变换基金赠款支持深度去碳化项目新的工业开发无阻碳排放将不符合苏格兰政府供资计划的资格。In the transport sector, the Scottish Government will establish a consortium for implementation of the Plan.
In the heating sector, the Scottish Government will support SGN (formerly known as Scotia Gas Networks), in converting elements of its network to Hydrogen, but only where doing so is consistent with keeping options open and limiting consumer costs.
Finally, the Scottish Government notes the urgency of amendments to existing UK-wide regulations to support the role of Hydrogen in the gas grid, to support Hydrogen blending and to maximize the volumes of renewable Hydrogen available in the energy system as quickly as possible.
Maximising the Benefits of Integrating Hydrogen into the Scottish Energy System
The Plan notes that converting renewable energy into Hydrogen provides new routes to market and may well change the investment proposition for new and existing renewables investors.
The Scottish Government believes that a key way to maximize the benefits of Hydrogen integration is to work with the UK government, Ofgem and the energy network sector to ensure that regulation rewards Hydrogen projects appropriately.关键行动点是建立氢流交通配送基础支持苏格兰氢流输出目标。
计划强调技能投资,包括提高工人技能并重新培训工人进入Hypgen部门。Hypgen工商开发服务将旨在促进产业和学术研究之间的协作。
企业机构将特别支持Scot2Ger项目,目的是到2024年向德国消费者提供苏格兰生产的可再生氢计划指出必须确保苏格兰氢流国际输出不存在法律或监管障碍,苏格兰氢流行业国际内向投资也不存在障碍。
Scottish Development国际外联方案将与280家被确定为苏格兰氢流行业外国直接投资潜在目标的国际公司积极接触将寻求与德国、比利时、荷兰、丹麦、加拿大、澳大利亚、日本和法国的关键协作。
加强创新和研究 一个新的苏格兰氢创新网络将促进苏格兰氢创新资产间增强协作并避免研究重复苏格兰政府支持苏格兰通过清洁氢欧洲合作伙伴关系申请欧盟资助,并启动150k英磅研究电话支持苏格兰和德国学术应用研究所之间的合作2020年12月,英国总理提出了绿色工业革命宏大10点计划,其中关键点之一是到2030年英国生产5千兆瓦低碳氢计划设想氢解碳密集工业和重交通并替换家庭供热中的天然气方面起关键作用。
8月17日,联合王国政府发布氢化战略(连同数项相关咨询),为联合王国未来氢经济打下基础,并阐明联合王国政府将如何支持创新和刺激对低碳氢的投资以达到5GW目标。战略还指出迫切需要公众认识运动消除消费者对安全的关切。
策略划分为五大部分:
- 潜在作用实现净零UK氢经济全系统方法:通向2030年的路径图开发氢值链中每个元素所需动作实现2030目标-碳预算六和净零市场和管理框架英国需要到2030年开发氢市场。
- 提高研究创新速度以加速成本削减和技术部署最大未来氢输出机会. /li>国际协作支持全球向净零过渡.
- 监控和评价:英国将如何监测进度以确保其实现前两章规定的目标.
LCHS可排除超出单位氢二氧化碳水平的项目参保政府支持计划。
本咨询开放10周,2021年10月25日结束回复尚不清楚政府将如何确定公平补贴,以及任何此类计量费用均通过家庭帐单或国库支付。 查询政府当前对合同长度、未来生产量支持规模和与其他收入支持机制兼容性的看法; This consultation is open for 10 weeks and will close for responses on 25 October 2021. Net Zero Hydrogen Fund Consultation The Fund is designed to encourage the of low carbon hydrogen during the 2020s in order to accelerate scale-up to meet the 5 GW target in 230. The Consultation sets out the proposed scope, design and delivery of the Fund, worth up to £240 million. The Consultation focuses on: 本咨询开放10周,2021年10月25日结束响应。
除是英国能源转换的重要组成部分外,联合王国政府视氢为职业创造者工具交付'平整'目标并以此方式鼓励对英国经济的大量投资与战略相伴的部会评论引用英国到2030年9000亿英磅投资和9000个工作值,到2050年可能上升至130亿英磅和10万个工作值,预测英国到2050年20-35%的耗能可以氢为基值。
Industry对发布战略广表欢迎,但呼吁政府提高雄心水平部分行业数字指出,英国2030年5千兆瓦低碳生产目标与欧盟2024年6千兆瓦目标相比不利,而其他人则评论说欧洲已经有23座氢钢厂-英国没有By using the terminology of ‘low carbon' hydrogen, the Strategy avoids explicitly choosing either blue or green hydrogen, opting instead to use a Consultation to establish emissions standards for blue hydrogen projects.
The decision to include both green and blue hydrogen in its Strategy differs from the EU approach whose focus has been more on the production of green hydrogen. Blue hydrogen has also been the subject of some controversy with a recent study by researchers at Cornell University suggesting that blue hydrogen may produce more overall lifecycle emissions than burning natural gas.
The UK's decision to include both blue and green hydrogen in its Strategy may be partly explained by the existence of North Sea gas and depleted oil wells which can be used to create blue hydrogen and store the resulting carbon dioxide. But it is also a tacit acknowledgment that, with domestic production currently so low, both forms of hydrogen will be required to meet its 2030 target.
Another question that has been raised is whether hydrogen is an effective energy source for all the different sectors for which the UK Government has indicated it is intended. Some commentators have argued that hydrogen's short supply means that it should be targeted at hard-to-decarbonise sectors such as cement and steel production, aviation and shipping.
However, the UK Government remains keen to investigate the possible use of hydrogen in domestic heating and has launched a series of trials which will help inform a decision in 2026 on the role of hydrogen in decarbonising heat.政府还计划评估以20:80混合方式将氢注入现有天然气供应的安全性和技术可行性,并估计可实现7%排减量热楼策略预期会提供更多细节。
UK Hypen策略和咨询为氢行业公司创造机会和风险Covington的政策和法律团队将乐于帮助公司在引导这些新创举方面征求建议。
This post is the 17th in our series, "The ABCs of the AJP."
President Biden's American Jobs Plan (AJP) sends strong signals in support of carbon capture and sequestration as an important tool to achieve the President's ambitious decarbonization objectives.
Most significantly, the President's plan would reform and expand the bipartisan Section 45Q tax credit, "making it direct pay and easier to use for hard-to-decarbonize industrial applications, direct air capture, and retrofits of existing power plants." The President's plan would also "establish ten pioneer facilities that demonstrate carbon capture retrofits for large steel, cement, and chemical production facilities," while also ensuring – consistent with the plan's overall emphasis on redressing environmental injustices – "that overburdened communities are protected from increases in cumulative pollution."
According to many studies, such as Princeton's Net-Zero America report, carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) will play an important role in achieving carbon neutrality by mid-century. Princeton's modeling suggests that geological sequestration could amount to between 1 to 1.7 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year by 2050, with the majority occurring in the Texas gulf coast, and an additional 100 to 700 million tonnes of CO2 converted to synthetic liquid or gas fuels (through synthesis with hydrogen).
On a global scale, the International Energy Agency (IEA) recently concluded that "reaching net zero will be virtually impossible without CCUS." In the IEA's Sustainable Development Scenario, the initial focus would be on retrofitting existing fossil fuel-fired power plants and industrial operations, including production of low-carbon hydrogen, but then, over time, the focus would shift to net removals of CO2, including through direct air capture, and as a source of climate-neutral CO2 for synthetic aviation fuels.
All these studies envision the build-out of regional "hubs" of pipeline infrastructure to transport captured CO2 from many sources, to sequestration reservoirs for permanent storage of the CO2. Building that infrastructure in the U.S.would require a massive amount of capital and labor, hence, why CCUS features prominently within the President's job-creating climate strategy.
Yet none of these studies suggest that market forces alone are sufficient to cause wide-scale deployment of CCUS. Particularly in the absence of an express price on carbon emissions, public support and incentives are critical. That's where the Section 45Q tax credit comes in.
The 45Q credit has been available since 2008, but was expanded significantly by Congress in 2018. It provides a volumetric tax credit for each ton of CO2 captured and either sequestered permanently, used in enhanced oil recovery or otherwise used in a commercial process. The credit is available for 12 years after the capture equipment is put in service, with the amount of the credit rising from $34.81 in 2021 for a ton permanently sequestered in geological formations, to $50 per ton in 2026. For EOR or other utilization, the credit tops off at $35 per ton in 2026.
The U.S.Treasury and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) finalized regulations earlier this year clarifying many issues that should remove regulatory hurdles that may have been stymying interest among taxpayers to develop projects directly or provide tax equity financing to CCUS project developers. However, most observers acknowledge that more than the 45Q is needed at this time to motivate investment at the scale needed to realize the potential for CCUS as part of the U.S.'s carbon neutrality strategy.
State incentives can help make projects economically viable. For example, California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) provides a ton-for-ton credit for direct air capture (DAC). With LCFS credits currently trading just below the $200 per ton price ceiling, the promise of "stacking" the LCFS and 45Q credits has led to significant milestones in DAC project development in the U.S. But the LCFS only provides access to credits for DAC projects and CCUS projects that are directly related to reducing the carbon intensity of transportation fuels!it provides no pathway for crediting CCUS in power generation or hard-to-abate sectors, such as cement and steelmaking.
Fortunately, the prospects for broader federal support of CCUS look good in Congress. Despite the general disagreement between Republicans and Democrats on climate change strategies, several bills advancing through Congress that would help motivate the wide-scale deployment of CCUS have broad bipartisan support.
- The 45Q Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Tax Credit Amendments of 2021, introduced in Senator Tina Smith (D-MN) with bipartisan support, would provide a direct pay option for the full value of the tax credit, meaning that project developers who don't pay income taxes would no longer be beholden upon tax equity sponsors to finance their projects.ahrfs/www.congress.gov/bill117-congress/senate-bill79/text>CSLE Representatives Marc Veasey (D-TX) and David McKinley (R-WV), would establish a financing mechanism at the Department of Energy for common carrier CO2 transport infrastructure, in essence, helping motivate development of the transportation infrastructure that doesn't qualify for 45Q credits.
- The Coordinated Action to Capture Harmful Emissions (CATCH) Act, introduced last month in the House by a bipartisan group of representatives, led by Tim Ryan (D-OH), would boost the 45Q credit to $85 per ton for industrial and power generation facilities securely storing CO2 in saline geologic formations and $60 per ton for EOR and other beneficial uses.
Together, this suite of bills, if enacted, could put CCUS projects in the money, regardless of the taxpayer status of their sponsors.
Yet many from the environmental community are critical of CCUS, including the White House's Environmental Justice Advisory Council (EJAC), which recently suggested that the Biden Administration should exclude CCUS and DAC from its tool chest of climate solutions because it would extend the lifespan of fossil-fuel generation. White House domestic climate adviser Gina McCarthy responded by saying that the Administration has not "taken anything off the table" in terms of its carbon reduction strategy.
The EJAC's logic is apparently holding sway in places where the environmental justice movement first proved its ascendance.
Last week, the California Assembly approved a bill that would potentially sideline CCS from playing any role in achieving the state's carbon neutrality targets. AB 1395 would limit carbon "removals" to no more than 10 percent of what is needed to achieve the state's carbon neutrality objective. It would also define technology-based solutions, including electricity generation with CCS, as a removal. This is scientifically inaccurate, as CO2 captured from a power plant is never emitted to the atmosphere in the first place.
But the bill would also impose criteria on the state's ability to rely upon any technology-based solutions, including that use of any such solutions shall not increase toxic and criteria air pollutants. This could act as a poison pill for any CCUS project, as the process of stripping CO2 out of flue gas requires the use of amines and the chemical reaction between those substances and the flue gas results in small amounts of toxic air contaminants, which, albeit insignificant, are unavoidable. Moreover, the primary argument against CCUS is that it will allow for continued production and consumption of fossil fuels, the consumption of which will result in criteria pollutant emissions, and that exclusion of CCUS would force a faster transition.
And so policymakers face a choice: They can relegate to the side a promising technology that can deliver significant reductions in CO2 because, according to one narrative, anything that allows for continued production and consumption of fossil fuels is per se bad. Or they can focus on carbon reduction as the target and support investment in CCUS. Based upon legislation introduced in the past several months, a bipartisan caucus in Congress is unwilling to write CCUS off.
从这个意义上讲,AJP对“基础设施”一词采用了另一种标准定义:“基础基础和基本框架”-在本案中全社会AJP中心是拜顿政府认为有必要的投资,以促进经济机会和公平待遇每个人,并保护和维护地球及其资源The President's animating slogan, "Build Back Better" alludes to building back better in terms of infrastructure being more modern and resilient, but also better in terms of infrastructure being more inclusive and just.
If even some of the AJP's provisions and its proposed investments are enacted into legislation by Congress, they will likely create hundreds if not thousands of grant opportunities and contracts for companies and organizations, especially those that can support affordable housing, energy conservation, sustainability, racial justice, and other priorities emphasized in the plan. And even if the AJP or its parts don't become law, companies and organizations should expect that the AJP's principles will almost certainly find their way into government regulations, procurement decisions, and other agency actions under the Biden Administration.
Many factors will play into whether and how "infrastructure" legislation could pass.
For the AJP's proponents—largely Democrats—affirming an underlying foundation and basic framework is essential to address the inequities laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic, recent events highlighting racial injustice around the country, climate change, and environmental disasters. To many of these proponents, any infrastructure plan can no longer think about building without regard to principles like racial equity and environmental sustainability. Indeed, for some, including supporters of a Green New Deal, the AJP is only the beginning and not enough to address these deep-seated concerns.
Meanwhile, the AJP's opponents—largely Republicans—remain unimpressed.一些人2万亿美元的贴纸价格 已经足以令他们白费多共和党支持基础设施打包,特朗普总统甚至在民主党控制美国后再三考虑House of Representatives. But President Trump's package proposed $200 billion in federal spending, and the Republicans' recent counterproposal to the AJP at $568 billion, a quarter of that proposed by the AJP.
What accounts for the enormous difference? Their definitions of infrastructure. The Republicans' proposals only include investments in the forms of "infrastructure" under the former definition. Everything else is "infrastructure plus" and to many critics, the "plus" is either too expensive, beyond the role of the federal government, or both.
It will be challenging to bridge this impasse as long as both groups fundamentally disagree on what falls under infrastructure in need of federal legislation. Yet there may be some areas where there will be room for compromise.除前文讨论过的地面交通和其他传统基础设施外,另一个例子就是创新政策。 AJP建议超过1500亿美元支持关键技术研发,包括在国家科学基金会内新建一个局并更新研究机构。 该计划还提出350亿美元开发技术突破解决气候危机310亿元程序让小企业获取信用、风险、资本和研发元and $20 billion in regional innovation hubs to fuel technology development, link urban and rural economies, and create new businesses in regions beyond high-growth centers.
These components share many similarities to the Endless Frontier Act, a bipartisan bill recently reintroduced by Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Senator Todd Young (R-IN) in the Senate, and Representatives Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Mike Gallagher (R-WI) in the House, authorizing significant federal investments in R&D and commercialization of critical technologies. As currently drafted, that bill would invest $100 billion in the National Science Foundation, including in a new Directorate of Technology and Innovation, and the development of regional technology hubs, along with additional provisions on domestic manufacturing and supply chain resiliency. The White House has endorsed the Endless Frontier Act, which may be the vehicle for these components of the AJP to be enacted in a bipartisan manner without the opposition that may sink other components, though the bill's own fate also remains uncertain.
There is potential for other less contentious components of the AJP to find their way into separate pieces of legislation in a similar fashion as well.
Ultimately, for proponents and opponents of the AJP alike, the strategic considerations here are many—linking provisions together that may not be able to be passed alone, detaching provisions that would otherwise lose support for other provisions, and/or going it alone without bipartisan support if necessary. Those strategic considerations will hinge on a variety of factors, including the urgency of the ongoing pandemic, the uncertain state of the economy, and the 50–50 Senate, among others. In times like these, opportunities to enact legislation may sometimes be the least certain, but the most possible.
最新能源过渡技术现在吸引大规模投资和政策注意力使用可再生能源生成的'绿色氢',将氢与水分离开来,后者既可用于散装能源存储,又用于燃气电厂或难以跳动部门,如制造、运货和长途运输等拜顿总统网站-美国清洁电联支持3/kg税抵免绿色氢
Other industry groups also are jumping on the hydrogen policy advocacy bandwagon. On April 7th, shortly after the AJP was issued, prominent industrial gas producers, automakers and fuel cell producers – all members of Hydrogen Forward – sent a letter to the White House urging the administration to develop a clear strategy for hydrogen investment through mass-scale infrastructure, development and deployment. The group indicated that it agrees that hydrogen technologies are an essential part of achieving the Administration's emission reduction goals and called on President Biden to introduce the right policies so that the U.S.does not fall behind globally when it comes to hydrogen technology.
While some suggest that it is "inescapably inefficient," green hydrogen produced through electrolysis can essentially act as a form of bulk energy storage: Electricity generated by renewable resources is used to separate the hydrogen from the oxygen molecules in water – most optimally during periods when the renewable resources would otherwise be curtailed – for combustion of the hydrogen in power plants and hard-to-abate sectors such as manufacturing, shipping and long-haul trucking.绿色氢也可以通过其他零碳或净负法生成,例如
Hydrogen is also viewed by many as key to decarbonization of hard-to-abate industrial processes, including the production of cement, steel, glass and other industrial materials, which require extremely high temperatures that cannot easily or efficiently be attained by renewables, such as wind and solar. Princeton's Net-Zero America Study envisions a future in which hydrogen produced through electrolysis or biomass gasification with CCS could be used for combustion in industrial boilers, in medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, as a fuel for gas turbines, and to synthesize liquid fuels using recycled carbon dioxide.
Development of hydrogen technologies also provides opportunity to strengthen the resiliency of the electricity grid against climate change.Fuel cell technologies are already being used by hospitals and other essential services to act as a primary and backup fuel source during hurricanes, rolling blackouts, and other emergencies.
Building out the infrastructure needed to realize the potential of hydrogen as a key decarbonization tool could require as much as $15 trillion in investment between now and 2050, according to the Energy Transitions Committee, an international coalition of energy industry executives committed to net zero emissions by 2050!the bulk of that investment would be for the purpose of developing dedicated renewable energy generation resources needed to produce green hydrogen.
Beyond the massive investment needed, hydrogen also faces significant obstacles to its deployment and market penetration, including its relatively high efficiency losses, safety risks and its bulkiness and associated transportation and storage costs, according to the IEA. The AJP's proposed 15 demonstration hydrogen projects may help address some of these challenges. But additional, firm commitments of government funding may be needed to mobilize the private capital necessary to deploy the technology at scale.
Investors should watch closely to see if Congress proposes, in forthcoming legislation to enact the AJP's objectives, funding levels that either are commensurate with rapid market penetration of hydrogen or would maroon the technology as little more than a gap-filler on the pathway to a net-zero economy.
On April 21, 2021, the European Commission approved "in principle" a Delegated Regulation establishing the criteria under which different economic activities substantially contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation under Regulation 2020/852 on the Establishment of a Framework to Facilitate Sustainable Investment ("Taxonomy Regulation"). Among other things, the Delegated Regulation defines the climate mitigation and adaptation criteria that the manufacture of hydrogen must meet to be considered a "sustainable investment" in the European Union.
The Delegated Regulation's criteria on hydrogen constitute an additional step in the implementation of the European Commission's Hydrogen Strategy.While the European Commission must still adopt detailed rules on what should be defined as renewable (green) and low-carbon (blue) hydrogen, the Delegated Regulation sets the "gold standard" for the sustainable production of hydrogen.
Sustainable Finance: the EU Taxonomy Regulation
The Taxonomy Regulation implements the European Commission's European Green Deal and follows up on an earlier Commission's Action Plan on ‘Financing Sustainable Growth'. The Regulation is intended to provide companies and investors with uniform criteria on economic activities that can be considered to be environmentally sustainable, in order to redirect capital flows and generate sustainable economic growth in Europe. The Regulation's criteria are expected to increase transparency on the classification of economic activities that can be considered environmentally sustainable and, therefore, to limit the risk of greenwashing and fragmentation.
The Taxonomy Regulation establishes the principles, and requires the Commission to adopt specific criteria for the following environmental objectives: (i) climate change mitigation!二) 适应气候变化可持续利用和保护水和海洋资源向循环经济过渡防污控制保护并恢复生物多样性和生态系统。
委托规范:可持续氢活动标准
4月21日批准的委托规范建立技术筛选标准以评估所列经济活动是否有资格为减缓和适应气候变化做出重大贡献。 关于氢问题,委托规范建立以下标准:
The Delegated Regulation also requires that the GHG emissions savings be calculated using the methodology of the international standard ISO 14067:2018 or ISO 14064-1:2018the methodology that the Commission must adopt under Article 28(5) of the Renewable Energies Directive ("RED II"), i.e., the methodology for assessing GHG emissions savings from renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin.
- Adaptation. The manufacture of hydrogen will meet the taxonomy criteria for climate change adaptation if it complies with four requirements:
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- The economic activity must implement physical and non-physical solutions ("adaptation solutions") that substantially reduce the most important physical climate risks related to the manufacture of hydrogen;
- The physical climate risks that are material to the activity must be identified by performing a robust climate risk and vulnerability assessment;
- The climate projections and assessment of impacts must be based on best practice and available guidance and take into account the state-of-the-art science for vulnerability and risk analysis and related methodologies (e.g., the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports)!
- 适应解决方案不得对其他人、自然、文化遗产、资产和其他经济活动的适应努力产生不利影响解决方案必须尽可能依赖蓝绿色基础设施and must be consistent with regional or sectoral adaptation plans. Finally, the solutions must be monitored and measured against pre-defined indicators and remedial action must be considered where those indicators are not met.
The Delegated Regulation Within the Broader EU Hydrogen Strategy
The Delegated Regulation's criteria for sustainable hydrogen are part of the Commission's broader Hydrogen Strategy, which the Commission is still trying to define and implement. While the Delegated Regulation sets the "gold standard" for what is considered sustainable manufacture of hydrogen, it does not necessarily define what is green or blue hydrogen.
The Hydrogen Strategy that the Commission presented in July 2020 announced that the Commission will adopt a "common low-carbon threshold/standard for the promotion of hydrogen production installations based on their full life-cycle greenhouse gas performance, which could be defined relative to the existing [benchmark under the EU Emissions Trading System Directive]" and "a comprehensive terminology and European-wide criteria for the certification of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen."
The Commission may take into account these aspects of its Hydrogen Strategy during its full review of RED II, which is likely to result in a legislative proposal to significantly amend, and perhaps adopt a new, RED.
Moreover, in 2021, the Commission must also adopt two Delegated Regulations under RED II and establish:
- a methodology to assess GHG emissions savings from renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin (which include hydrogen)!and
- a methodology with detailed rules on how electricity obtained from direct connection to an installation generating renewable electricity may be fully counted as renewable electricity where it is used for the production of "renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin" (which includes hydrogen) and on how electricity that has been taken from the grid may be counted for this purpose ("additionality requirements").
The Commission may also consider the different aspects of its Hydrogen Strategy, including the regulation of low carbon hydrogen as part of its upcoming proposal for a Gas Regulation. This proposal is intended to replace Directive 2009/73/EC on the Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas, and could introduce a detailed regulation of hydrogen and hydrogen infrastructure.
Next Steps
The Commission has approved the Delegated Regulation "in principle." Its official adoption will only take place once it will be published in all the official languages of the EU. This means that the criteria under the Delegated Regulation may still be subject to changes. This is because (i) the Parliament and Council of the EU may oppose the content of the Delegated Regulation within a period of four to six months after its official adoption (expected in the coming weeks)!和二)可能需要作一些修改,以确保一致性,即将对REDII进行审查,定于2021年6月进行。
2030年之前,英国的目标是5GW低碳氢生产,并计划围绕CCUS和Hi英国政府的目标是利用现有天然气基础设施向全英国家用烹调和取暖器提供氢(与天然气混合)并支持这一目标,政府宣布氢热试验,以在2030年之前创建氢邻和潜在氢镇为雄心。
本月早些时候发布英国工业去碳化策略IDS不试图决定是否更加重视集群(更多电气化)或全英国的基础设施投资(多氢混合)。然而政府承认,实施聚类策略可能冒重工业资产(例如水泥和钢铁工程)2035年后紧接风险,到2050年系统留有更多“剩余碳”,这将需要更多冲抵GGR技术。
IDS确认联合王国脱碳路径中需要更多关注氢以避免“绑定碳”更新内容包括侧重于加速工作支持氢业务模型以克服低碳氢与天然气等高碳燃料之间的成本差联合王国政府正计划在Q22021中就首选低碳氢商业模型进行磋商,最终模型将于2022年商定。英国政府支持Hydgen
然而,政府承认,如果不干预解决当前市场失效问题(以及监管不确定性和新技术带来的高风险),大氢不太可能找到一条可行的市场路线。英国正在考虑一系列干预支持英国氢开发-包括燃料标准能否在帮助行业投资方面起有益作用-并正在审查与不同氢生产技术相关的排放问题,以开发英国定义低碳氢的标准。
政府向Hypgen处置注资2亿2千万元Net零氢基金-这将为早期低碳氢生产提供资本共投10亿元净零创新组合(估计由行业和学术界提供35亿元资金补充)3300万英镑低碳供货竞赛。
APPG2021年3月中旬相聚HAC最后一次会议是在2020年12月两组支持并行开发英国蓝氢和绿氢,基础是蓝氢可成为绿氢的路径HAC目前正在绘制跨行业氢部署图,这将支持英国政府延迟氢化策略,该策略将在Q2发布:
Covington氢工队正在审查英国和世界其他辖区开发氢立法和框架的情况,并乐于帮助开发这个行业客户计划。
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) that would allow certain Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) systems to be certified as Qualifying Facilities under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) and thus receive regulatory benefits meant, in part, to encourage the innovation and development of cogeneration facilities. The proposal applies to SOFC systems that use heat and steam to convert natural gas to hydrogen, which then reacts with oxygen in the fuel cell to produce electricity, and then uses some of the heat and steam produced to continue converting methane into hydrogen to produce additional electricity.
FERC's proposal would reduce regulatory barriers for the covered SOFC systems and thus may spur increased fuel cell entry.
Background
Under PURPA, FERC may certify as Qualifying Facilities ("QFs") small power production facilities and cogeneration facilities that meet certain criteria. QFs receive regulatory relief, such as exemptions from the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 2005 and from certain provisions of the Federal Power Act!in many instances, utilities are obligated to purchase their power.
FERC's QF certification rules, established in 1980, define a cogeneration QF as a facility that "produces electric energy as well as steam or forms of useful energy (such as heat) which are used for industrial, commercial, heating or cooling purposes." The rules limit a cogeneration QF's "useful thermal energy output" to thermal energy that is (1)"made available to an industrial or commercial process;" (2) "used in a heating application;" or (3) "used in a space cooling application."
Bloom Energy Corporation petitioned FERC to clarify the definition of "useful thermal energy output" so that it may apply to that used by SOFCs to produce additional electricity. Bloom stated that without a clarification, most SOFC facilities "would not be able clearly to avail themselves of key benefits of PURPA aimed at reducing barriers to entry for new efficient energy technology." This is because a 1981 FERC order required that a cogeneration QF's use of thermal energy must be completely independent of the power production process.[1] In the SOFC process, however, some of the thermal energy output is used in the fuel cell conversion process to produce more electricity.
FERC NOPR
In the NOPR, FERC recognizes that SOFC systems with integrated natural gas reformation equipment are now a viable option for efficient electric energy cogeneration and that, with the growing industrial applications of hydrogen, the distributed production of hydrogen is increasingly important.
Accordingly, FERC proposes to add to its rules, as an additional acceptable use of thermal energy produced by a cogeneration QF, the thermal energy "used by a solid oxide fuel cell system with an integrated steam hydrocarbon reformation process for production of fuel for electricity generation." With the addition of this acceptable use of thermal energy, SOFC systems with integrated natural gas reformation equipment meet the definition of a cogeneration QF. FERC describes this type of system as follows:
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell systems with integrated natural gas reformation equipment convert the chemical energy within natural gas into electricity using a steam-methane reformation process, which converts the natural gas input to hydrogen, which then reacts with oxygen in the fuel cell to produce electricity.The by-product of the fuel cell's production of electricity is heat and steam, some of which is used in the steam-methane reformation process to convert more methane into hydrogen, which the fuel cells use, in combination with oxygen from the air, to produce electricity.[2]
FERC recognizes this additional acceptable use of a cogeneration QF's thermal energy is a departure from the 1981 EG&G order by noting that the order did not involve fuel cells and was issued under the then effective regulations, which are now proposed to be revised.
Comments on the NOPR are due 30 days after date of publication in the Federal Register.
[1] EG&G, Inc., 16 FERC ¶ 61,060 (1981),
[2] NOPR at P.16脚注省略.