COP21NDC汇总后将保持世界轨迹以避免
worst气候变化影响,并每5年审查一次enview
周期作用鼠标,迫使每个国家带更多'br>雄心勃勃NCDs返回COP2020年因Covid而错过了COP26,格拉斯哥市去年COP26成为第一个五年审查点,评估通过
Paris协议后排减进度Glasgow大会因美国之故也很重要环球气候问题重新投入世界舞台, 由
政府间气候变化问题专门委员会发布的权威科学评估, 列出了smission轨迹日益可怕的冲击,清楚地表明这是世界降低排放以避免灾难性全球变暖目标的决定性十年。
UNFCCC评估说,各国在实现1.5度/br/celius目标方面没有取得足够的进展,并请求所有成员国返回COP27并改进目标COP27的Br>焦点因此放在前协议的“执行”上-由Br>会议标题Captement of“Togates for 实现”-不期望主要新Climate
变换文本会商谈近195国努力使用COP27来点火,但只有29个有改进NDCsssss.s/p>
squatedUnited United Nations/CEP27上的国家代表团外,还有近2千个官方观察组织-共约33 500名代表。 ibr>At开源开源开源开源开源开源开源开源开源开源并解决深度公平问题, 由谁来承担气候干扰和经济发展收益的冲击和负负在今年
ss观察欧洲和中国异常干旱时,承认这种不平等和附属于解决的发展中世界的
意义,除埃及作为
主机的作用外,COP27被计为“AfricanCOP”。
历史学上,全球应对气候变化可大致归为
或减排或改适应(准备未来变换
气候变换-例如加固海墙或改善对关键
国家基础设施的保护)。COP添加了另一个官方类别-“损耗和损耗”-它“br”处理气候变化影响问题,侧重于当前气候变化经济不良效应,以及一国无法通过恢复能力努力恢复
的问题。
然而,关键细节说明基金将如何运作,包括支付者、数额和操作方式,留待未来会谈解决这一点很重要,因为它可能`Br>政治挑战美国请求国会为损耗和损耗基金追加气候拨款, 并可能出现挑战性问题,并面临创纪录通胀和由
俄罗斯入侵乌克兰引发的大规模生活成本危机有关其他Br>key发射者-最突出的是中国-为这样一个基金提供捐款的作用问题仍然有待解答。
虽然发展中国家实现了建立损耗基金的长期目标,但
COP27未能实现迫使国家改善NDCs的目标The negotiations also
failed to secure an agreement to start a phase-out of all fossil fuels—language which at one
point had seemed to have made its way into the text, only to be withdrawn and replaced by the
Glasgow language of "phasing down" coal and "phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies" after
objections from Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Russia.
Although an attempt to remove the 1.5 degree Celsius goal from the Declaration in favor of the
Paris Agreement's upper limit of 2 degrees failed, there was no mention of the requirement for
global emissions to peak by 2025, which scientists see as critical if the world is to meet the 1.5
degree Celsius target.减少排放焦点似乎因埃及增加低排放能源呼声
最后插入而削弱(俄罗斯入侵
Ukrain 和随后对俄罗斯油气公司的制裁触发非俄毒气的
点头)。
EU和UK表示失望,因为最终结果没有改善COP26上所作的
减排承诺委副会长表示, 国家有“下降短路 ” 补充道 : “我们应该多做多做多做多做多.我们Br失望我们没有实现这一点。 ”英国的 Alok
Sharma-CEP26主席表示,这一失望得到响应,他注意到省略逐步停用化石
燃料的承诺和任何语言都要求到2025年排放量封顶增强科学理解天然气生产中甲烷泄漏对
短期气候的影响以及比纯可再生能源游戏高排放轨迹概念加深了关于天然气过渡作用的辩论和争议Sharma总结说'br','我在Glasgow表示脉冲为1.5度微弱可惜它仍然保留在生命'br>支持上's/p>
除创建新的损耗基金外,CP27
中的其他亮点包括:
来自COP27的另一个亮点是多场边事件的广泛讨论,包括深入评估
对粮食和农业的影响和各种机会。
COP27还反映企业和民间社会作用在
COP进程的持续制度化COPs不再是单纯的联合国谈判,而只是定期
全球会议的一部分,由关注并受全球气候挑战影响者组成squmel>br>Sheik继续提升全球气候问题,并集中媒体和公关关注这一挑战-埃及有3000多媒体br>代表反映这一点。
归根结底,美国重新参战上个年度气候变化问题论坛由拜登总统(内阁秘书大全)和SqlmelSheik国会代表团组成,以突出美国投资解决Climate
change-历史记录(Investment
Rectection或IRA),帮助帮助美国运行自己的
NDC承诺并突出清洁能源和先进技术经济
契机。
微弱最后文本引导多位推理家得出结论说,将气候变化限制为1.5摄氏度可能不再有
现实性:鉴于今年干旱和洪涝对世界多处造成的损害,这些损害已经影响到
世界多处,仅摄氏1.1摄氏度,这是一个暗淡的未来。But, since COP is the best we have
by way of a global system for managing climate change, it is a process that will have to be
made to work.
One other important lesson which should be taken away from the heated debate over differing
priorities at COP27 is the difficulty in neatly categorizing and separating "implementation" from
the issues of emissions reduction, global ambition, equity, integrity, and transparency that
underlie a solution to addressing climate change.
In terms of what we should expect from next year's COP28, there will be a focus on how to
operationalize the loss and damage fund, as well as a continued focus on the Global Goal on
Adaptation, the New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance, and perhaps most important
for continued mitigation, the first Global Stocktake assessing progress on the NDCs of individual
countries and the on-going role of private sector emissions reduction commitments.
But achieving these tangible outcomes will require a sustained effort to rebuild trust and
confidence between the Global North and Global South.
对最后宣言文本的谈判自昨天以来似乎没有取得显著进展阻塞进度的问题与一开始确定为关键的问题相同:损耗和损耗缓冲漏洞自2020年起承诺给发展中国家的1000亿美元气候金融并倍增1000亿美元 用于适应项目埃及外交部长和缔约方会议双会长呼吁代表们寻找解决办法-尽管通常由东道国负责向前推进文本spanids.gle.com/spreteshes/d/1Z0wyEGOU_6da9Sgnsqyi8PE0fkeIY4Xcmezo>
目前的草案远非可编辑成形文本,而只是提供可载入定本中某些内容的选项从正面看,文本草案拒绝印度推送“逐步下调化石燃料”,转回原初COP 26“逐步下调煤炭 ” 。 食品现在也得到了一个重要的提法然而,当前文本中至少14次显示“当前谈判中相关结果的持有者”。Considering tomorrow is supposed to be the final day of COP 27, it would appear likely that negotiations will continue well into the night if the deadline is to be met.
The UN Secretary General flew directly from the G20 meeting in Bali to Sharm to try and give impetus to the talks, signaling his frustration at their pace and stating, "There is clearly a breakdown in trust between North and South, and between developed and emerging economies." As if to prove his point, the Guardian quoted a G77 negotiator, saying: "I've never seen us so united on an issue as loss and damage ...美国...不接受建立损耗基金的决定死锁就在那里77国集团表示不可接受问题很清楚,即曾一度激进概念“损耗和损耗”现已非常牢固地成为气候变化议程前端和中心点。
与英国气象局发布Other Developments:
回埃及后,关于最后宣言措辞的协议仍然难以实现虽然新文本细节不多,但印度建议宣言最终引用“压倒所有化石燃料”,而不是缔约方会议第二十六届会议仅引用煤炭,支持似乎在增加更令人担忧的是,有迹象表明,最后宣言可能不再确认对1.5摄氏度目标的承诺,而代之以引用2摄氏度默默承认进展缓慢,澳大利亚气候变化部长被委以牵头商谈穷弱国家气候融资的关键问题。
G20国家对全球排放量的75%负责,G20公报中的强语似旨在刺激沙姆沙伊赫谈判延缓进展德国气候特使表示G20公报中包含1.5C表示“向COP 27的部长和谈判者发送重要信号”。..G20支持Glasgow气候协议,在沙姆沙伊赫无法反弹 。
77国集团损耗说明与发达世界的立场形成对比:我们希望今年能建起损耗设施而不是谈折中..损耗和损耗是本次COP的主要标语头条,我们不放弃。”欧盟想继续商谈后再决定是否需要新设施七大集团支持全球盾牌保险计划,支持者认为这是向正确方向迈出的重要一步,而批评者则视之为转移注意力创建严重损耗设施的努力。
..现实是,在[裁量排 方面没有进展,我们正在超出适应能力..of course I want to see progress on loss and damage, but unless we stick to [1.5C] all of that is going to be a lot more difficult."
Other Developments:
November 16th is Biodiversity Day which will focus on the impact of climate change on biodiversity and initiatives to halt biodiversity loss through nature and ecosystem-based solutions.
COP27 was never going to be a ‘Big COP' in the way that COP26 in Glasgow was. It was not originally designed to be one of the five-year ratchet reviews of NDCs set out by the 2015 the Paris Agreement and there were no major new climate change texts due to be negotiated. Sharm's value is likely to be assessed, at least in part, on whether it effectively tees up important items for next year, including:
However, COP27 remains an important waypoint – not least in how successful it eventually is in avoiding acrimonious debate and significant tensions over loss and damage.
Glasgow was a five-year review point. But the UNFCCC assessed that not enough progress had been made by countries' emissions reductions targets towards the 1.5 degree target and required all member countries to return to COP27 with improved goals. So COP27 represents an important departure from the UNFCCC's agreed timetable and in that sense demonstrates the increasing urgency of reducing emissions: an urgency juxtaposed against the record high attendance of representatives from oil and gas companies and the anguished debate about the role of gas as a transitional fuel.
And COP27 was set against a difficult geo-political and geo-economic backdrop. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has caused upheaval in international energy markets and pushed inflation up to record levels.Central banks have responded by raising interest rates, pushing countries already struggling with the hangover from the pandemic to the brink of recession. Europe's search for non-Russian gas has put pressure on developing countries, which have turned increasingly to coal as a cheaper alternative source of energy (and an increase in interest in exploiting Africa's untapped gas reserves), leading to the highest use of coal since 2013 and resulting in 2022's emissions being the highest on record. Meanwhile, the UNFCCC has warned that the world is currently on target for temperature rises of 2.8 degrees by the end of the century (with the UN Secretary General warning colourfully that the world is ‘on a road to hell, with our foot hard down on the accelerator').
As if this set of circumstances were not unpropitious enough, this year has seen a sequence of climate-related natural disasters, with appalling flooding, wildfires and droughts afflicting countries across the globe. The fact that COP27 was also billed as ‘The African COP' gave extra impetus to the calls from developing countries, which are bearing the brunt of the rapidly changing climate, for assistance with more than adaptation. The issue of ‘loss and damage' (financing to address the actual impact that climate change is now having on developing countries) has been steadily increasing in importance: a shift developed countries have resisted out of concerns about potentially unlimited liability.
Initial negotiations around the content of the agenda (which took over 30 hours to reach an agreement) suggested a fraught and tense COP was likely. But those negotiations resulted in loss and damage making its way onto a COP agenda for the first time. Now that it is on the agenda, it is highly unlikely it will be removed at future COPs, meaning the developed world will have to address the issue eventually. And in a welcome move on Saturday, John Kerry announced that the US was "totally supportive" of moves to address loss and damage and "100% ready" to discuss the issue in detail.
So COP27, which was supposed to have been about improved NDCs (though fewer than 30 countries came forward with revised offers), has been transformed into a COP which is all about the financing – both for adaptation and for loss and damage. Whilst there is normally intense focus on the negotiations over UNFCC texts, with the focus on financing, such texts as were due to be negotiated were something of a sideshow, with negotiations only beginning late in the week. This left negotiators working late into the night on Friday in order to try and finalize all decision texts before the closing plenaries of the Subsidiary Bodies on Saturday.
A COP of Few Announcements:
Although this COP has delivered fewer eye-catching initiatives than Glasgow, there are a few worth noting:
Comment:
The US position is clearly focused on mitigation on the basis that if not dealt with in a much more robust and accelerated way now and the world loses the opportunity to keep the goal of 1.5 degrees C within reach (it may already be in the rearview mirror), then the costs will continue to rise exponentially for adaptation and will make the feasibility of meeting those adaptation demands even more remote.
The developing world also recognizes the importance of mitigation. But their focus is increasingly on managing the impacts of climate change that they are already experiencing. They argue they need financing now to address those impacts and there is frustration that the developed world is not doing enough to demonstrate recognition of and engagement with the climate justice issue of loss and damage. Absent that recognition, the spirit of collaboration will be lacking: without that spirit, movement progress on mitigation is going to be slow at best, absent at worst.
John Kerry's Saturday evening comments about loss and damage are welcome as they demonstrate that the US recognizes the importance attached to loss and damage: that may be enough to open the door for progress.
What that might look like is unclear, but one way forward would be a radical overhaul of the world's public financial institutions.布里奇顿议程引起全球关注,即世界银行需要将其业务焦点转向为发展中世界提供气候融资-以赠款形式而非贷款形式提供-这一变化将显示全球致力于为发展中世界寻找适应/损耗和损耗融资源,这可能解阻同样重要的缓解进展。 如果Gripsm实现这一点,我们毕竟会记住它为大COP.
Other COP 27 Developments:
G20 Announcements
明天为能源日与金融日并发,这是COP 27的两个最受人注目的主题日之一,重点是能源部门的公正过渡、绿色氢化、提高能效的重要性以及技术在管理和加速能源过渡中的作用。
公司和国家与小岛国和非政府组织社区争吵不休,认为建设天然气必备数十年碳排放风险,发展中国家应跳跃依赖碳氢化合物并直通可再生电源。
Biden总统向COP讲解,警告全球升温科学清晰,应对危机时间不多。使用语言调用“每个主要发射体与1.5摄氏度一致”,然而,他确认美国致力于帮助受气候冲击影响最严重的发展中国家,他没有提到支付损耗。最后,人们越来越担心经商文本可能无法及时提交,以便下周能讨论/并达成协议。
wednesday在英国、法国和美国发布气候融资公告后谨慎改善情绪A number of organizations called for more details of the United States' announced plans to launch a carbon credit program, dubbed an "Energy Transition Accelerator" (ETA), such as when companies could buy the credits and how the system would be policed, with some groups arguing that the plans risked distracting companies from reducing emissions by compensating for them with relatively cheap credits.
In another indication of the fractious nature of this year's COP, NGOs called for the end of fossil fuel sponsorship of COP amidst news stories that over 600 fossil fuel representatives are in Sharm ̶ a 25% increase on COP26.
Other Developments
· Israel, Lebanon and Iraq announced plans to work together to reduce emissions.
· Norway announced the postponement (for four years) of development of The Wisting field – a major oil field and the world's most northerly oilfield exploitation.
· A large protest activists took place outside the Conference Centre, linking the issues of climate justice and human rights.
· Israel and Jordan signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) for a water-for-energy deal (first announced a year ago), under which Jordan will build 600 megawatts of solar power capacity to export electricity to Israel in exchange for 200 million cubic meters of desalinated water.
friday计为'去碳化日'并包括侧重于不同行业去碳化行程s/globalmestepresse 去年COP上发布,并有会议重点讨论支持发展中世界低碳开发路径,以ss/home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1085'The mood has brightened somewhat today as a number of climate finance announcements raised hopes that positive forward momentum on this pivotal issue could create the conditions necessary to unlock progress on other issues at COP.
Other Developments:
马拉维、佛得角、苏里南、巴巴多斯和帕劳领导人都表示需要增加损失和破坏资金,而联合国秘书长则呼吁创建新的“气候团结协议”,富国在其中从财政上帮助较穷国家。
表示美国愿意讨论损失与损害问题, 并期望两年对话达成任何承诺 。
Meanhy尽管如此,迄今认捐的数额仍然相对微不足道。同时,欧盟呼吁“全球北区”承诺全球南区气候融资,同时指出欧盟在为每年1,000亿美元的适应基金捐款方面正在发挥自己的作用。相关地,爱尔兰总统确认爱尔兰对气候司法融资的贡献将超出其现有承诺,新西兰宣布为发展中国家因气候变化影响而损失土地和资源建立气候基金。
所有这一切都是在Nicholas Stern新报告(英国和埃及政府委托编写)的背景下实现的,该报告显示发展中国家迫切需要气候融资减缓和适应《报告》的结论是,它需要每年2万亿美元投资,以满足除中国以外的世界发展中经济体的需要。对公司很重要的是,报告承认资金不能单从政府提供,而应该从国际金融机构(IFIs)和私营部门提供。
其他开发s: